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Neuromonitoring in Endoscopic Skull Base Surgery
Introduction Endoscopic surgery of the cranial base is frequently utilized for pathologies such as pituitary adenoma, craniopharyngioma, chordoma, and chondrosarcoma. Such operations involve working in close proximity to critical neurovascular structures. Insult to these vital structures can result in postoperative…
Complications in Endoscopic Skull Base Surgery
With continued advancements in endoscopic approaches for skull base surgery, understanding the risks and potential complications of these techniques is critical in planning surgical access and counseling patients. Extensive transclival operations, coronal plan approaches lateral to the carotid artery, and…
Transorbital Endoscopic and Neuroendoscopic Surgery
The development of transnasal endoscopic approaches to skull base pathology significantly decreased the surgical disruption and collateral damage relative to their open predecessors, such as the craniofacial and subcranial approaches. In addition, the improved illumination, magnification, and visualization on a…
Reconstructive Techniques in Endoscopic Skull Base and Orbital Surgery
Advances in endoscopic surgical techniques and instrumentation have led to an expansion in the size and diversity of skull base lesions that are amenable to endoscopic resection. However, one of the stipulations for adopting an endoscopic approach for the removal…
Endoscopic Endonasal Approaches to the Optic Apparatus: Technique and Pathology
The optic apparatus includes the optic nerves, chiasm, and optic tracts. Lesions affecting this region vary widely with respect to histologic type, site, extent, and clinicopathologic behavior. Treatment of these lesions therefore requires a comprehensive multidisciplinary approach with a team…
Transcranial Approaches to the Optic Apparatus
Transcranial approaches to the optic apparatus include both traditional approaches, such as frontotemporal (pterional) and bifrontal craniotomies, as well as more recent minimally invasive keyhole approaches, including the supraorbital eyebrow approach and minipterional approach. Given advances in understanding anatomy, instrumentation,…
Surgical Anatomy of the Optic Nerves and Chiasm
The optic nerve and chiasm can be involved with pathology affecting the orbit, orbital apex, and skull base. When surgically addressing these structures, it is critical to maintain not only their neural integrity but also their vascular supply, as this…
Endoscopic Orbital Fracture Repair
Endoscopic Repair of a Medial Orbital Wall Facture With the “Milan Technique” Endoscopic Medial Orbital Wall Reconstruction After Removal of an Orbital Mass Via a Transnasal Approach Among the seven bones composing the orbit, the maxillary bone and the ethmoid…
Endoscopic Management of Mucoceles With Significant Orbital Involvement
Patient Demographics, Clinical Presentation, and Preoperative Workup Sinonasal mucoceles are benign lesions arising from progressive expansion of respiratory epithelium. Obstruction of the natural ostia of the corresponding sinus leads to noted expansion of the sinus epithelium with mucoid secretions. The…