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Dermatopathology
Hypertrophic lichen planus Differential diagnosis: Squamous cell carcinoma Clinical features Lichen planus is a T-cell–mediated autoimmune disease affecting the skin or mucosal surfaces. It has several clinical and pathologic variants, one of which is hypertrophic lichen planus (HLP). HLP typically…
Mediastinum
Type A thymoma Differential diagnosis: Synovial sarcoma Clinical features Thymomas represent a morphologic spectrum of anterior mediastinal neoplasms derived from cortical and medullary epithelial cells of the thymus. They are typically encountered in the middle-aged patient; however, the age range…
Lung
Squamous papilloma Differential diagnoses: Glandular papilloma, mixed squamous cell and glandular papilloma, and squamous cell carcinoma Clinical features Squamous cell papillomas account for less than 1% of lung neoplasms and are much less common compared with their incidence in the…
Endocrine pathology
Diffuse sclerosing variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma Differential diagnosis: Metastatic carcinoma Clinical features The diffuse sclerosing variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is recognized to exhibit specific clinical characteristics including female predominance and younger age at presentation (mean age, 18–29…
Head and neck
Pleomorphic adenoma Differential diagnoses: Polymorphous adenocarcinoma & epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma Clinical features Pleomorphic adenoma (PA), also called benign mixed tumor, is a benign tumor of the salivary glands. PAs are the most common salivary gland neoplasm and the vast majority occur…
Soft tissue neoplasms
Adipocytic tumors Lipoma Differential diagnosis: Atypical lipomatous tumor/well-differentiated liposarcoma Clinical features Lipoma represents the most common mesenchymal soft tissue tumor of adults. Most commonly, lipomas are localized to the subcutaneous adipose tissue, presenting as a painless mass/swelling, although examples may…
Bone and joint
Diseases of joints Primary degenerative joint disease Differential diagnosis: Secondary degenerative joint disease of any cause Clinical features Primary degenerative joint disease (DJD) is the most common form of arthritis and causes progressively worsening pain, swelling, and lack of mobility…
Breast
Complex sclerosing lesion/radial scar Differential diagnoses: Tubular carcinoma and low-grade adenosquamous carcinoma Clinical features Complex sclerosing lesions and radial scars (CSLs/RSs) are benign sclerosing lesions which may be encountered incidentally or as the targets of directed biopsies after imaging. Incidence…
Genitourinary: Prostate, bladder, and kidney pathology
Prostate 1) Post-atrophic hyperplasia Differential diagnosis: Atrophic prostatic adenocarcinoma ( Table 5.1 ) Clinical features Post-atrophic hyperplasia (PAH) of the prostate is a benign lesion that may be encountered incidentally or as potential target of directed biopsies after MRI imaging.…