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Ulcers
Diabetic ulcers Diabetic wounds are multifactorial in etiology. Patients with long-standing diabetes develop polyneuropathy, which creates sensory, motor, and proprioceptive abnormalities and can lead to insensate skin and foot deformities. Combined with vascular disease and immunosuppression, patients have a high…
Dermatoses of pregnancy
Introduction There are four accepted entities included in the dermatoses of pregnancy. They are pemphigoid gestationis (PG; also known as “herpes gestationis” or “gestational pemphigoid”); polymorphic eruption of pregnancy (PEP; also known as “pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy”…
Drug reactions with systemic symptoms
Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis Clinical features Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP) is an uncommon, severe cutaneous eruption that is attributed to drugs in more than 90% of cases ( Fig. 18.1 ). It is characterized by the rapid development of…
Drug rashes
Morbilliform drug eruption Clinical features Morbilliform drug eruption, also called “exanthematous” or “maculopapular drug eruption,” is the most common form of cutaneous drug eruption, accounting for more than 80% of drug eruptions. The term “morbilliform” is often used to describe…
Multiple nails
Onychomycosis Douglas Albreski Clinical features A fungal infection of the nail, referred to as “onychomycosis” or “tinea unguium,” is an infection of the nail in which the organism changes the structure and shape of the nail plate, leading to thickening,…
Conditions that frequently affect a single nail
Melanonychia Brett Sloan Clinical features Melanonychia is dark brown or black pigmentation on the nail plate. There are numerous causes, the most concerning being melanoma of the nail unit. Melanonychia can present as diffuse darkening of the nail plate or,…
Focal hair loss
Alopecia areata Rana Abdat Clinical features Alopecia areata (AA) is a common cause of hair loss that affects men and women equally and can affect patients of all ages. AA is the second most common cause of nonscarring hair loss…
Diffuse hair loss
Androgenetic alopecia Clinical features Androgenetic alopecia (AGA; also known as “female-pattern hair loss” and “male-pattern baldness”) is the most common type of hair loss in both men and women. It is caused by androgen-mediated effects on hair follicles, which result…
Common skin cancers
Basal cell carcinoma Aziz Khan, Jonas Adalsteinsson, and Hao Feng Clinical features Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) of the skin is the most common type of skin cancer. It is most common in Caucasians and uncommon in individuals with darker skin…