A major focus of the kidney disease outcomes and quality initiative is the creation of the national vascular access improvement initiative with a “fistula first” campaign. A goal of 66% prevalence of arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs) was suggested for 2009. This…
Central venous access is required for temporary or permanent hemodialysis in many situations. It is estimated that several million central venous catheters (CVCs) are inserted annually in the United States. This widespread use has been accompanied by a concomitant abundance…
Traumatic arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs) usually develop as a consequence of penetrating, blunt, or iatrogenic trauma. The clinical consequences of an AVF range from being asymptomatic to manifesting with complications of venous hypertension or high-output heart failure. The treatment options are…
Since the 1990s, new concepts based on sound knowledge and a new classification system have led to a better understanding of the pathophysiology, anatomy, and embryology of congenital vascular malformations (CVMs). Recognition of the fundamental differences between extratruncular and truncular…
Arterial and venous malformations, also referred to as vascular anomalies, are a result of anomalous development of the vascular system during embryogenesis and are present from birth. Imaging studies and arteriography support the classification adopted by the International Society for…
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Endovascular renal denervation has emerged as a promising therapy for resistant hypertension. Phase III randomized trials have not been completed, but the emerging data suggest that this procedure may be highly effective at improving hypertension control in this population. The…
Renal arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) and arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs) have the common characteristic of one or more abnormal channels between an intrarenal artery and vein, allowing the blood to bypass the glomerular capillaries. A communication between the renal artery and the…
Renal artery aneurysms represent an unusual vascular disease that has been encountered with increasing regularity in clinical practice. In part, this reflects their frequent incidental recognition as a consequence of the proliferation of noninvasive imaging for nonvascular diseases. The incidence…
Renal vein thrombosis is an uncommon clinical condition that typically occurs in association with or as a consequence of the nephrotic syndrome, renal cell carcinoma, extrinsic compression, or a hypercoagulable condition. It is also a distinct entity recognized in the…