Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) imaging continues to develop and provides an important perspective of cardiovascular disease. High-resolution transmural images of the vessel allow real-time investigation of pathology and the effects of interventions. The thrust of current IVUS development is to incorporate…
The preferred noninvasive test for evaluating patients with suspected chronic lower extremity ischemia depends upon individual circumstances. Doppler-derived ankle-to-brachial systolic blood pressure indices (ABIs) provide an accurate and reproducible measure of overall blood supply to the foot in patients without…
The measurement of lower extremity systolic pressure is by far the most widely used parameter for evaluating peripheral arterial disease. It is an easy measurement to perform with minimal testing equipment, it is a reliable and reproducible indicator of hemodynamically…
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Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) use is on the increase in America. The prevalence of CAM use among people with a diagnosis of cardiovascular disease (CVD) or with risk factors for such is significantly higher than in the general population.…
Endothelial dysfunction is a key component in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and is associated with classic CVD risk factors such as dyslipidemia, hypertension, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes. Moreover, endothelial dysfunction is one of the first clinically detectable alterations…
Strategies focused on traditional risks factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) such as tobacco use, hypertension, hyperglycemia, lipid abnormalities, obesity, and physical inactivity have failed to stem the tide of CVD, and investigators have begun to focus on other risk factors…
Hypertension is a major remediable risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. In serial U.S. population samples the prevalence of hypertension in adults has decreased slightly from 29.0% to 27.6% from 1999 to 2008. During that period, numerous randomized clinical trials…
Dyslipidemia is a major risk factor for peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Management of dyslipidemia is based on the National Cholesterol Educational Panel’s (NCEP) guidelines, initially published in 1988. These guidelines are based on a large body of evidence that demonstrates…
Tremendous progress has been made in reducing the incidence of tobacco abuse. This is partly the result of the health care profession educating and counseling smokers, but is also undoubtedly related to the increasing inconvenience and social stigma of smoking.…