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Complications in Lower Extremity Soft Tissue Surgery in Neuromuscular Patients
Introduction Soft tissue pathology in the lower extremities of children with neuromuscular diseases, particularly those with spasticity (most commonly cerebral palsy [CP]), can lead to significant impairment in gait in ambulatory children and function-limiting deformities affecting limb and trunk position…
Complications of Upper Extremity Surgery for Neuromuscular Disorders
Introduction Cerebral palsy (CP) is a static, nonprogressive encephalopathy, with an incidence of approximately 1 to 3 per 1000 births. CP represents a wide spectrum of possible motor, sensory, and cognitive impairments, and CP movement disorders are generally classified as…
Spastic Hip Dislocation
Introduction Cerebral palsy is the most common neuromuscular disorder cared for by orthopedic surgeons. It has an incidence of 2 to 3 per 1000 live births, which has not changed dramatically in the last 50 years. The cerebral palsies are…
Osteotomies for Osteogenesis Imperfecta
Introduction Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) presents unique challenges for the orthopedic surgeon. This hereditary defect in type I collagen can vary in its manifestations from mild to severe. Depending on the type and severity of OI, treatment may range from medical…
Cavus Foot Correction
Introduction Cavus foot deformity is a difficult and complex problem to solve for the orthopedic surgeon. This is especially true in the pediatric population, where the deformity is often the result of a neurologic condition. At its core, cavus deformity…
Tarsal Coalition Resection
Introduction Tarsal coalition is a congenital anomaly consisting of aberrant osseous, fibrous, or cartilaginous bridging between the tarsal bones. The reported incidence of tarsal coalitions is 1% to 13%, with bilaterality in nearly 50%. Calcaneonavicular coalition was found to be…
Complications in Pediatric Flatfoot Reconstruction
Introduction Flatfoot is a normal shape of the human foot from birth through old age. It is seen in most infants and approximately 20% to 25% of adolescents and adults. Flexible flatfoot (FFF) is the subtype seen in essentially all…
Surgical Management of Clubfoot
Introduction Clubfoot deformity, while one of the most familiar congenital orthopedic conditions presenting for early intervention, can pose numerous treatment challenges to even the seasoned pediatric orthopedic surgeon. Though nonoperative management with serial casting is currently the gold standard of…
Complications Associated with Epiphysiodesis and Hemiepiphysiodesis
Introduction Angular limb deformity and limb length discrepancy (LLD) are among the most commonly treated pediatric orthopedic conditions and have potential for significant physical, social, and psychological effects on children and their families. Whereas classic treatment of LLD and angular…