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Chronic adhesive arachnoiditis with spinal cord dysfunction
Introduction Arachnoiditis is an inflammatory condition of the arachnoid mater, leading to thickened leptomeninges and neurological symptoms in many cases. Ninety percent of patients with arachnoiditis experience a burning type pain. The most common location of spinal arachnoiditis is the…
Tethered cord
Introduction Tethered cord syndrome (TCS) refers to the clinical condition produced by excessive tension of the spinal cord, with its caudal part anchored by inelastic structures that restrict its vertical movement. Inelastic structures include adipose filum terminale, tumor, myelomeningoceles, lipomyelomeningoceles,…
Chiari malformation with recurrent symptoms
Introduction As described in Chapter 67 , Chiari I malformation is a condition derived from the abnormal caudal displacement of the cerebellar tonsils through the foramen magnum into the upper cervical canal, often with intramedullary cyst formation. Surgical treatment is…
Chiari malformation
Introduction Chiari malformations represent a class of posterior fossa disorders that stem from congenital abnormalities. The Chiari I malformation is the most common type, characterized by tonsillar descent that may or may not be associated with syringomyelia. The overall prevalence…
Spinal hemangioblastoma
Introduction Hemangioblastoma of the spine is an infrequent, benign (World Health Organization [WHO] I), and highly vascularized tumor accounting for about 3% of all intramedullary spinal tumors and 2% to 15% of all the spinal cord neoplasms. Among the intramedullary…
Cavernous malformation
Introduction Cavernous malformations (CMs) rarely occur in the spinal cord and account for less than 10% of all CMs. However, since the broad use of high-resolution magnetic scans, CMs of the spinal cord are found more often and currently represent…
Spinal type I AVF
Introduction Spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas (dAVFs) are the most common vascular lesion of the spinal cord, and they account for 70% of all AV shunts of the spine. Type I dAVFs are defined as an abnormal intradural low flow communication…
Adult basilar invagination
Introduction Basilar invagination (BI) is among the common pathological conditions afflicting the cranio-cervical junction. Primary development is associated with syndromic conditions such as trisomy 21, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, and Marfan syndrome; secondary development is associated with inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid…
Lumbar osteomyelitis and discitis
Introduction The incidence of vertebral osteomyelitis is approximately 1 per 100,000 per year worldwide ; however, this incidence increases with age up to 6.5 per 100,000 among persons older than 70 years of age. Overall, vertebral infections represent 1% of…