24.1 Introduction Using pharmacokinetic models to predict drug plasma time courses after drug or chemical administration to newborns is an active field of research and application [ ]. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling is one of the more sophisticated computational…
23.1 Gastroesophageal reflux disease Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), most commonly manifested as heartburn, is estimated to affect 40%–85% of pregnant women [ ]. Risk factors for GERD in pregnancy include increasing gestational age, parity, and a history of heartburn […
22.1 General principles about envenomation Envenomation is the exposure to a poison or toxin resulting from a bite or sting from an animal. The medically important venomous animals consist of several major categories: snakes, spiders, scorpions, hymenoptera (bees, wasps, and…
Pregnancy can be an ideal time to use herbal and alternative remedies. Herbs are often mild preparations of natural compounds that can be just perfect for some of the discomforts and illnesses during pregnancy. Several studies have shown that as…
20.1 Introduction Every system in the body undergoes drastic changes during pregnancy, including the integumentary system. These dermatological changes are a result of varying factors, such as alterations in collagen formation, increase in sebaceous and eccrine gland secretion, shifts in…
19.1 Thyroid function and physiology in pregnancy In pregnancy, abnormalities of the thyroid gland can be easily overlooked due to the normal physiologic changes of pregnancy often mimicking disturbances of thyroid gland function. As a result, basic knowledge of thyroid…
18.1 Introduction The uterus has two major components: the cervix and the corpus. The uterine cervix comprises the external os, the internal os, and the cervical canal that connects them. The corpus comprises the uterine fundus and the main uterine…
17.1 Introduction Depression is common among women during pregnancy, and although pregnancy is a time of increased health care utilization, it is likely as many as 66% of women affected during pregnancy are neither identified nor treated [ , ].…
16.1 Introduction Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death for women in the United States, and similarly in other countries with developed health systems. Heart disease is the leading cause of death worldwide for men and women. While it…
15.1 Introduction Pregnancy imposes unique metabolic demands to provide sustained and sufficient transfer of nutrients to the growing fetus during fasting periods by ensuring adequate nutrient storage during feeding. Hormones produced by the feto-placental unit play a pivotal role in…