In cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs), sensing is the process for identifying the electrical signals (electrograms, EGMs) that correspond to individual atrial or ventricular depolarization. Detection is the process by which device algorithms classify a sequence of sensed signals to…
This chapter reviews the fundamental concepts of artificial electrical cardiac stimulation, including the cellular aspects of myocardial stimulation, the influence of external current on cardiac tissue, waveform, and electrode considerations, clinical applications and considerations, and ongoing research regarding cardiac stimulation.…
Over the last two decades advanced imaging technologies, including cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR), computed tomography (CT), and three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography (3D TEE), have evolved to allow acquisition of exquisite anatomic details of cardiac structures, in both two- and three-dimensional (2D…
It has been 500 years since the birth of Andreas Vesalius, the father of anatomy. In his most important and influential work, “De Humani Corporis Fabrica Libri Septem,” published in seven volumes between 1543 and 1555, Vesalius demonstrated the importance…