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Alphabetical list of conditions
Achondroplasia An AD (80% new mutation rate) skeletal dysplasia due to impaired enchondral bone growth. Skull 1. Large skull. Small base. Small sella. Steep clivus. Small, funnel-shaped foramen magnum. 2. Hydrocephalus of variable severity. Thorax 1. Thick, stubby sternum. 2.…
Nuclear medicine
Diffuse increased uptake on whole-body bone scans (‘superscan’) Definition: diffuse increased uptake in the axial skeleton ± proximal long bones with almost no uptake in soft tissues and kidneys, though bladder activity may still be present. 1. Widespread bone metastases…
Paediatrics
Retarded skeletal maturation Chronic ill-health 1. Congenital heart disease —particularly cyanotic. 2. Renal failure. 3. Inflammatory bowel disease * . 4. Malnutrition. 5. Rickets * . 6. Maternal deprivation. Endocrine disorders 1. Hypothyroidism —severe retardation (≥5 standard deviations below the…
Skull and brain
Solitary acute intracranial haemorrhage 1. Intracerebral . (a) Hypertension —basal ganglia, pons, cerebellum. (b) Cerebral amyloid angiopathy —lobar location, peripheral microhaemorrhages (often multifocal). (c) Haemorrhagic lesions —e.g. metastases, primary tumours, infarcts. (d) Traumatic —more commonly multifocal (see Section 13.3 ).…
Head and neck
Parapharyngeal space lesions The parapharyngeal space (PPS) contains primarily fat, small vessels and small nerves. It lies between the parotid, masticator, carotid and pharyngeal mucosal spaces. Primary pathology in the PPS is rare (e.g. schwannoma, branchial cleft cyst, venolymphatic malformations…
Breast disease and mammography
In UK practice, breast abnormalities are evaluated as part of a ‘triple assessment’ process: clinical examination, imaging and subsequent image-guided tissue diagnosis. All breast-imaging tests are assigned a numerical score from 1 to 5 with a prefix for each score:…
Gynaecology and obstetrics
Gynaecological imaging 10.1 common indications for gynaecological ultrasound Primary amenorrhoea 1. Constitutional delay. 2. Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). 3. Congenital genitourinary malformation—broad range of anomalies, see Fig. 10.2 . 4. Gartner duct cyst. 5. Complete androgen insensitivity syndrome (CAIS)—Y chromosome…
Adrenals, urinary tract, testes and prostate
Incidental adrenal mass (unilateral) Common incidental finding on CT. A mass <3 cm in diameter is likely to be benign and a mass >5 cm in diameter is probably malignant. On unenhanced CT, 98% of homogeneous adrenal masses with an attenuation of…
Hepatobiliary, pancreas and spleen
Intraluminal gallbladder lesions 1. Gallstones —single or multiple, small or large. ~80% are radiolucent on plain film, but ~80% are visible on CT. Often calcified, may contain central fat or gas. Typically mobile, but can be adherent to the GB…