1 What are the most commonly used voltage criteria to diagnose left ventricular hypertrophy? Numerous criteria have been established for the electrocardiographic (ECG) diagnosis of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). Below are the three that are used most frequently: R wave…
1 What are the auscultatory areas of murmurs? Auscultation typically starts in the aortic area, continuing in clockwise fashion: first over the pulmonic, then the mitral (or apical), and finally the tricuspid areas ( Fig. 2.1 ). Because murmurs may…
Editor’s Note to Readers: For an excellent and more detailed discussion of the cardiovascular physical examination, read Physical Diagnosis Secrets, 2nd edition, by Salvatore Mangione. 1 What is the meaning of a slow rate of rise of the carotid arterial…