Introduction Although traditional classification considers the upper and lower urinary tracts as part of one system, each serves a distinct function. In this edition, upper and lower urinary tract components will be considered, emphasizing the known effects of aging on…
More than 20% of our population is expected to exceed 65 years of age by 2030, with the most rapidly growing segment older than 85 years. In 2050, the population aged 65 years and older is projected to be over…
The musculoskeletal system serves three primary functions: (1) it enables an efficient means of limb movement; (2) it acts as an endoskeleton, providing overall mechanical support and protection to soft tissues; and (3) it serves as a mineral reservoir for…
Aging is a continuous process that constitutes a cycle studded with events that affect all systems in the body, including the connective tissues. The interrelationship between the aging process and connective tissues is complex, involving a variety of factors and…
Neurologic disorders are a common cause of morbidity, mortality, institutionalization, and increased health care costs in the older adult population. Not only does advancing age increase the frequency and severity of neurologic disease, but it may also play an important…
Respiratory Function Tests The commonly used respiratory function tests are presented in this chapter. In addition, patterns of lung function abnormality seen in some of the common types of condition are also presented. Breathing parameters include the following: Forced expiratory…
Advanced age is a major risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease. Why age increases the risk of cardiovascular disease is debatable. The increased risk might arise simply because there is more time to be exposed to risk factors…
Introduction Overview of Frailty Geriatricians have an affinity for frail older people, or should. The complex care of older adults who are frail is the very stuff of geriatric medicine. This chapter argues that the formal assessment of complexity can…
Demographic trends show that independently of geographic regions and socioeconomic background, the absolute and relative number of older persons is increasing worldwide. It has been estimated that the prevalence of persons aged 65 years and older worldwide will increase from…
Neuroendocrine aging is a multifactorial process that typically spans years and is characterized by sequential phase transitions. These transitions are progressive in nature and are typified by stages of system-level changes in function, followed by compensatory adaptations. Furthermore, phase transitions…