Introduction Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease process. The World Health Organization recognizes many morphologic subtypes. By gene expression, invasive breast cancer is classified into at least four major subtypes: luminal A, luminal B, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2…
Introduction Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in women worldwide (15.5%). It is also the leading cause of cancer in women worldwide (24.5%). An estimated 276,480 women developed breast cancer in 2020. The estimated mortality is 42,170.…
Introduction Over the past several decades, the widespread adoption of mammographic screening has had a significant impact on the incidence, diagnosis, classification, and treatment of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). There has been a vast increase in the publications with…
Introduction The breast is surfaced by skin, which can be affected by numerous conditions, both inflammatory and neoplastic. Some of these entities are specific to the breast skin, while other entities may diffusely involve the skin, including the skin of…
Introduction Some breast lesions have been termed “high risk” for either (1) an immediate risk of breast cancer due to underdiagnosis by percutaneous biopsy or (2) a long-term increased risk of future breast cancer (hence the term “premalignant”). The classical…
Gynecomastia is a benign enlargement of the male breast due to proliferation of the glandular component. This common clinical condition, which may be unilateral or bilateral, presents as an incidental finding on routine physical examination, a painless unilateral or bilateral…
Management of patients with a breast abscess is an art, and each abscess has unique features that require familiarity by the treating physician. Breast abscesses can be frustrating for both the patient and the surgeon. Even for patients referred with…
The aberrations of normal development and involution (ANDI) classification of benign breast disorder (BBD) provides an overall framework for benign conditions of the breast that encompasses both pathogenesis and the degree of abnormality. It is a bidirectional framework based on…
In the United States, breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in women (excluding skin cancer), and it is also the second leading cause of cancer death among women in the United States. Routine screening mammography has been proven…
The aim of screening is to improve survival by early detection of disease. Detection of early-stage disease in asymptomatic patients has the potential to improve outcomes by providing more effective treatment. Screening tests are not considered diagnostic, but rather identify…