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Historical Trials In the first Milan trial, patients with stage IIIA or IIIB breast cancer were given four cycles of doxorubicin and vincristine, followed by 60 Gy to the breast and a 10-Gy boost to the area of residual tumor.…
Psychosocial Consequences and Lifestyle Interventions
Psychosocial Aspects of Breast Cancer As early detection and treatment of breast cancer have improved, survival rates have increased to the extent that 89% of individuals with breast cancer now survive 5 years beyond diagnosis, and 83% of individuals survive…
Rehabilitation
According to the National Cancer Institute and National Coalition for Cancer Survivorship, an individual is considered a cancer survivor from the time of cancer diagnosis through the balance of his or her life. With improved diagnostics and treatment plans, the…
Management of Menopause in Breast Cancer Survivors
What is the Experience of Menopause in Women With Breast Cancer? The median age of breast cancer diagnosis is 63 years; therefore most women experience natural menopause prior to starting their cancer journey. However, the number of premenopausal women diagnosed…
Lymphedema in the Postsurgical Patient: Pathophysiology and Nonoperative Management
Lymphedema is the most dreaded complication of breast cancer surgery. It may result in functional, esthetic, and psychological problems, thereby affecting the quality of life of the breast cancer patient. It also predisposes patients to development of infections, decreased functional…
Quality Measures and Performance Improvement for Breast Cancer Surgery
The first 15 years of the 21st century witnessed an exponential increase in the emphasis on quality and performance measurement for providers, as well as hospital systems. Furthermore, payers of care, including the United States government, have proposed shifting US…
Fertility Preservation for Women With Breast Cancer
Introduction Nearly 100,000 reproductive-age women are diagnosed with cancer annually in the United States, with the most common malignances being breast, hematologic, gynecologic, and central nervous system cancers. Approximately 25,500 cases of breast cancer are diagnosed annually among reproductive-aged women,…
Bone-Modifying Agents in Early Breast Cancer
Introduction Bisphosphonates inhibit osteoclast-mediated bone resorption. Denosumab is a RANK ligand inhibitor that prevents bone turnover. As a result, these medications have several therapeutic roles. Primarily, they were used as antiosteoporosis medications. Later, these drugs were used to prevent or…
General Considerations for Follow-Up
With advances in screening, early detection, and treatment modalities, most women who are diagnosed with and treated for localized early-stage breast cancer will be long-term survivors. From 1989 to 2017, the breast cancer death rate continued to decline, dropping by…