Le Fort I maxillary and sagittal split mandibular osteotomies are performed to correct dental malocclusion and improve facial harmony. Skeletal movements of large magnitude, particularly those for correction of preexisting facial asymmetries, may create new contour irregularities and disharmony. Both…
Indications for and Advantages of Cad/Cam Computer-aided design and manufacturing (CAD/CAM) provides added sophistication to facial implant surgery. It provides three-dimensional millimeter accuracy in implant design and manufacturing specific to the facial skeleton being addressed. This precision potentially minimizes or…
In his article “Anatomy and pathophysiology of facial aging”, Zimbler states, “Facial aesthetics begin with the marriage of hard and soft tissue integration; however, it is the changing balance of these elements that is the hallmark of the aging process…
Indications Three groups of patients benefit from implant augmentation of the mandibular body, angle, and ramus. These include patients with normal, deficient, or surgically altered anatomy. Normal dimensions Most patients who desire mandible augmentation have lower face horizontal dimensions that…
Chin augmentation with implants is the most frequently performed facial implant surgery. It has long been considered a simple procedure, often done in the office setting, and one that always gives gratifying results. Unfortunately, outcomes after chin augmentation are often…
A relative deficiency in lower midface projection may be congenital or acquired, particularly after cleft surgery and maxillary fractures. Since the majority of white faces are convex, midface concavity is often considered less attractive. Fig. 10.1 shows the average midface…
Prominent malar bones are considered attractive. Hence, the malar area is frequently augmented with implants. Although not documented in the literature, personal experience with primary and secondary malar implant surgery has shown that there is a significant incidence of patient…
The upper midface skeleton has direct and indirect influences on the appearance of the face and, particularly, the eyes. The relationship between the globe and the orbital rims will determine if the eyes appear prominent or deep set. Because the…
The size and shape of the internal orbit determines orbital volume and the position of the eye. An increase in orbital volume results in enophthalmos – the recession of the ocular globe within the bony orbit. The principal mechanism in…
Concavity in the temporal area is often referred to as “temporal hollowing.” It reflects a deficiency in the bulk of the temporalis muscle, the temporal fat pad, and/or an underlying bone defect ( Fig. 6.1 ). Open full size image…