Introduction Gender dysphoria, quite often referred to as gender identity disorder, is defined by an individual’s persistent discomfort with his or her own assigned sex. Individuals with gender identity disorder have a desire to live as members of the opposite…
Introduction Congenital breast asymmetry can be relatively common among young women. , Although tuberous breast deformity, Poland syndrome, and structural chest wall deformities can be considered reconstructive, less extensive congenital breast asymmetry is typically corrected as a cosmetic breast procedure.…
Introduction Gynecomastia is defined as benign glandular enlargement of the male breast, its hallmark location being a concentric mass directly beneath the nipple. , It can consist of various proportions of excess subareolar fibrous breast and adipose tissue peripherally, and…
Introduction Breast reduction and breast lift are widely performed procedures, with over 100,969 surgeries reported by American Society of Plastic Surgeons members in 2016. Patients seek surgery not only for the improvement of symptoms associated with macromastia but also because…
Introduction With the ongoing rise of obesity in the United States a greater emphasis is placed on the importance of weight loss, diet, and exercise. A weight loss of more than 50 lb is classified as massive weight loss, and…
Introduction Breast reduction surgery is not only about improving the quality of life of women with the symptoms of macromastia but also improving the patient’s perception of her own image. Although it is thought by surgeons that the horizontal scar…
Introduction Breast reduction can be performed for either functional or cosmetic reasons. Optimal size, shape, and symmetry and minimal scarring, as four primary goals, should be applied to any type of breast reduction; for example, the breasts after reduction should…
Introduction Breast reduction can be performed for either functional or cosmetic reasons. Optimal size, shape, symmetry, and scarring, as four primary goals, should be applied to each type of breast reduction; for example, breast size after breast reduction should be…
Introduction Superior pedicle breast reduction is the authors’ technique of choice in patients who qualify for its use. Numerous advantages of this technique make it ideal for many patients. Advantages of the superior pedicle technique include a reliable vascular pedicle.…
Introduction One-stage breast augmentation combined with mastopexy is a challenging operation with numerous potential complications. Augmentation expands the breast volume, and mastopexy reduces the skin envelope; thus, these operations produce opposing forces when performed simultaneously. The combination of procedures as…