Mitral regurgitation (MR) may result from primary abnormalities of the mitral valve (MV) apparatus (primary or degenerative MR) or from left ventricular (LV) dysfunction and remodeling (functional or secondary MR). The current American College of Cardiology (ACC)/American Heart Association (AHA)…
Mitral regurgitation (MR) is the most common valvular disease in the developed world and is expected to increase with the aging population. Primary MR is caused by an intrinsic valve abnormality (usually degenerative mitral valve [MV] disease), whereas secondary (functional)…
Acknowledgments The authors acknowledge the contributions of Drs. Jacob Dal-Bianco, Robert Levine, and Steven Goldstein, who were the authors of this chapter in the previous edition. Mitral regurgitation (MR) is a frequent complication of myocardial infarction (MI), severe coronary artery…
Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is the most common cause of mitral regurgitation (MR) in developed countries. It is also known as degenerative or myxomatous mitral valve (MV) disease and consists of a spectrum, with its mildest form known as fibroelastic…
Mitral valve (MV) disease may best be described by defining the cause of the disease, the specific lesions caused by the disease, and the dysfunction it creates in the MV apparatus. This “pathophysiologic triad,” first described by Carpentier and coworkers…
Mitral stenosis (MS) results from obstruction of blood flow from the left atrium into the left ventricle at either the valve or the subvalvular level ( Fig. 94.1 and Videos 94.1, Videos 94.2, Videos 94.3, Videos 94.4 ). Complications from…
Acknowledgments We thank Kathleen Stergiopoulos, MD, PhD, and Fabio Lima, MPH, for their contributions to the previous edition of this chapter. Mitral valve (MV) stenosis causes a fixed obstruction in the left ventricular (LV) inflow and decreases the LV preload,…
Mitral Annular Calcification Rheumatic mitral stenosis (MS) is, by far, the most common cause of left ventricular (LV) inflow obstruction. Less common cause are listed in Box 92.1 . Among these, a heavily calcified mitral annulus is the most often…
Echocardiography is the modality of choice for the diagnosis of mitral stenosis (MS). The joint American Society of Echocardiography and European Association of Echocardiography guidelines for native valvular stenosis feature an exhaustive review of echocardiographic methods for quantitative assessment of…
Worldwide, rheumatic heart disease (RHD) is the predominant cause of mitral stenosis (MS) but is rare in developed countries. Most cases of rheumatic mitral stenosis (RMS) in developed countries are found among immigrants from less developed parts of the world…