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Introduction Interference screw fixation remains an effective technique in bone–patellar tendon–bone (BPTB) anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). It is a well-established and well-studied technique. Interference screws are able to achieve early stability with rigid, aperture fixation of graft to host…
Introduction Tibial side fixation of soft tissue grafts has been challenging because the line of pull on the graft in the tibia is parallel to the axis of the tunnel and because the bone in the tibia has a lower…
Introduction The WasherLoc (Biomet, Warsaw, Indiana) is an extratunnel two-piece lag screw and spiked washer fixation device specifically designed for soft tissue graft fixation for Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) reconstruction. The method of fixation of soft tissue grafts for ACL…
Essentially, only three methods are currently used for gripping anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) grafts so that they may be fixated to bone: Friction: Fixation is applied either against cancellous bone by an intratunnel interference screw or on the cortex by…
Introduction Interference screws are widely used for graft fixation in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction, and good clinical results have been reported by several investigators. In addition to conventional metal screws, biodegradable interference screws are commercially available and have been…
Introduction Similar outcomes have been reported after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction with either a bone–patellar tendon–bone graft or hamstring tendon graft, with no difference in graft rupture rates between the two groups at 10 years in one cohort study.…
Introduction There is no single factor that causes acute anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries. ACL ruptures are therefore considered multifactorial conditions with evidence from both familial and case-control genetic association studies that DNA sequence variants play an important role in…
Acknowledgment We acknowledge James S. Starman, Mario Ferretti, Timo Järvelä, and Anthony Buoncristian, the authors of the previous edition, for their great contribution to this chapter. Introduction Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction is among the most common procedures performed in…