Epidemiology models herald a challenging future According to various forecasting models, life expectancy is projected to increase worldwide. There is a more than a 50% probability that by 2030 in 35 industrialized countries studied, national female life expectancy will break…
The therapeutic pipeline for dry AMD The dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD) affects approximately 85%–90% of individuals with AMD. Geographic atrophy (GA), an advanced form of dry AMD, presents as a discrete area of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) loss accompanying…
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a multifactorial disorder with heterogeneous clinical features. Based on clinical and multimodal imaging studies, AMD has been classified with a great extent of consensus into early-stage, that is, from medium- to large-sized drusen and retinal…
Mendelian diseases and complex diseases The contribution of genetics to human disease has been long recognized. The genetic bases of the diseases may be monogenic or complex in origin. In monogenic Mendelian diseases, a mutation in a single gene transmitted…
Angiogenesis and CNV formation Angiogenesis is the process of new vessel formation from preexisting ones. Under physiological and developmental conditions, angiogenesis is tightly regulated by a coordinated balance between pro- and antiangiogenic factors. Alterations in this fine-tuned balance could possibly…
Pathophysiology of macular neurovascular complex in AMD The pathophysiologic process of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) primarily plays out in photoreceptor/RPE/Bruch's membrane/choriocapillaris (PR/RPE/BrM/CC) complex in the macular region. In this complex, retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), the central component, is a neuro-epithelial…
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History and risk factors of AMD Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a clinical diagnosis based on characteristic macular findings in individuals over 50 years old. Age is one of the most important diagnostic criteria for AMD. The Beaver Dam Eye…
Undetectable and detectable signs of early AMD Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) encompasses a spectrum of clinical signs ranging from undetectable to overly manifested macular disorder. The funduscopically undetected signs may overlap with the aging changes of macula. The aging changes…
AMD classification based on drusen and pigmentary changes before OCT era Understanding the nature and developing effective treatments for age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a consensus classification for defining this leading cause of blindness in the elderly is imperative. First, AMD…