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The effects of contour and highlighting makeup on the perception of facial form
Key points • Facial contour and highlighting makeup (CHM) creates the illusion of light and shadow to produce the effects of projection and recession, respectively, changing perceived facial anatomy. • The majority of vertical disproportions of the face occur in…
Face transplantation
Key points • Over the past two decades, success achieved by composite tissue allografts (CTA) in restoration of many functional and aesthetic deficits of the face has caused a paradigm shift in reconstructive surgery. • Preoperative radiological imaging and intraoperative…
Posttraumatic facial restoration—a philosophy for repair
Key points • Look at the patient: Your eye is the best tool to evaluate both the premorbid injury as well as your repair. It is imperative that you learn how to really “see” the anatomy and appreciate the subtle…
Evaluation and treatment of the adult patient presenting with facial asymmetry
Key points • Accurately identify the etiology of the asymmetry. • Ensure that facial growth is complete before definitive treatment. • 3D photographic imaging is an invaluable tool to educate the patient regarding the clinical findings and the anticipated outcome.…
Facial feminization surgery
Key points • The male skull is longer and broader compared with the female skull, whereas the female skull has a more pointed chin and tapered jaw. • Frontal bossing of the male skull generally extends from the region of…
Microsurgical augmentation of the facial skeleton
Key points • Skin, fat, muscle, fascia, tendon, and bone can all be differentially carried on vascular pedicles from various donor sites in the provision of vascularized tissue to the face. • Soft tissue, muscle, and bone flaps will all…
Skeletal considerations in facial rejuvenation
Key points • The facial skeleton provides the underlying frame for the face, and its configuration influences the facial rejuvenation surgery that should be done. • Age-related changes in the periorbital area are significant and must be accounted for during…
Perioral considerations in facial aesthetic surgery
Key points • The appearance of the lips may be considered to represent an individual’s youth, sensuality, and fertility. Consequently, their appearance is of prime importance to connote these qualities and imbue confidence in those seeking facial plastic surgery. •…
Structural fillers of the face
Key points • Structural fillers are very useful in Asian patients to create an oval face with a tapered lower facial third. • Blunt injection cannulas have been associated with a lower risk of embolus formation and less pain and…