Lipidemias

Prevalence in USA: 13.1% in people >20 y.

Prevalence highest among Hispanics.

Cigarette smoking is a risk factor.

Incidence highest among men ≥45 y and women ≥55 y.

Htn is a risk factor.

Low HDL (<40 mg/dL) is a risk factor.

Family Hx of premature CHD in first degree relative (male <55 y or female <65 y) is a risk factor.

Pancreatitis with hypertriglyceridemia

Stroke and transient ischemic attacks

Myocardial ischemia, infarction, CHF

Angina of increasing frequency or severity and new-onset angina

Peripheral atherosclerosis

Worsening or new-onset CHF

TIAs

Hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, lipodystrophy: Köbberling-Dunnigan syndrome (familial lipodystrophy of limbs and trunk, autosomal dominant) may lead to macrosomia; familial generalized lipodystrophy (Berardinelli-Seip syndrome: autosomal recessive) leads to macrosomia.

Hypolipidemia: LDL deficiency (autosomal recessive abetalipoproteinemia, autosomal dominant familial hypobetalipoproteinemia); normotriglyceridemic abetalipoproteinemia (LDL absent); autosomal recessive Tangier disease (severe deficiency of HDL); secondary to cancer, myeloproliferative disorders, liver failure familial hypoalphalipoproteinemia (HDL deficiency).

Autosomal dominant or recessive inheritance

Secondary to systemic illness (i.e., primary hypothyroidism, nephrotic syndrome, and extrahepatic obstruction of bile)