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Squamous metaplasia
Definition
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Metaplastic process in which the normal urothelium is replaced by either keratinizing or nonkeratinizing stratified squamous epithelium
Clinical features
Epidemiology
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More common in women than men
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Typically affects older adults
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Often a response to urothelial injury (e.g., chronic infection, indwelling catheter, calculi, neurogenic bladder, Schistosoma spp. infection)
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Nonkeratinizing, glycogenated squamous metaplasia of the trigone is seen in up to 90% of adult women and is considered a variant of the normal histology; it is also seen occasionally in men receiving anti-androgen and/or estrogen therapy
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