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Introduction Instability in the lumbar spine is a well-recognized entity for both degenerative and traumatic processes. Less well defined is instability following an index decompressive or fusion procedure. This complex issue can exist as iatrogenic destabilization at either the same…
Summary of Key Points Cervical spondylosis is present radiographically in nearly 95% of the population by age 65 years. Intervertebral disc desiccation initiates the cascade of cervical spondylosis. Cervical spine ligaments and joints undergo hypertrophy and osteophyte formation to increase…