Indications Parenteral nutrition (PN) is used to provide nutrients to newborn infants who cannot tolerate full enteral nutrition or who have contraindications to enteral nutrition ( Table 6.1 ). TABLE 6.1 Indications for Parenteral Nutrition Prematurity <32 weeks and <1800…
Introduction Placental uptake, metabolism, and transfer of amino acids to the fetus are critical for both placental and fetal development and growth to produce a successful pregnancy. Placental amino acid transfer is mediated by active transport and is performed by…
Introduction During fetal life, factors associated with maternal, placental, and fetal environments interact to ensure optimal fetal metabolism and growth. However, in 3% to 7% of pregnancies these interactions become suboptimal and growth of the fetus does not align with…