William R. Burns Archives

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Dorchester Center, MA 02124

The major clinical components of cancer immunotherapy (modulating cell-mediated immune mechanisms)

Summary of key facts Immune checkpoints are molecular pathways that blunt the antitumor immune response via limiting the creation of cytotoxic T cells and triggering exhaustion of tumor-reactive immune cells. Immune checkpoint inhibitors, especially those targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway, are…

Acute Abdomen, Bowel Obstruction, and Fistula

Summary of Key Points Gastrointestinal Perforation Perforation affects approximately 20% of patients with acute abdominal emergencies. Bowel perforation can be caused by tumor rupture, tumor necrosis, adverse events of systemic therapy (e.g., targeted therapy, immunotherapy, steroids), radiation therapy, or inflammatory…