Scoliosis refers to an abnormal curvature of the spine due to developmental, degenerative, idiopathic, or iatrogenic changes of subaxial biomechanics in the coronal, sagittal, and axial planes. Over much of this past century, the term scoliosis has generally referred to…
Acknowledgment The authors and editors wish to thank Dr. Edward H. Oldfield and Dr. John Heiss for their contributions to this chapter in the previous edition. Definition and History In 1891, Hans Chiari described three types of cerebellar malformations that…
History Thoracic Disc Disease The surgical management of disorders of the thoracic spine began in 1814 when H. J. Cline attempted to treat a fracture of the thoracic spine by laminectomy. In 1911, Middleton and Teacher attempted the first surgical…
Acknowledgment The authors and editors wish to thank Dr. Shirley I. Stiver for her contribution in the previous edition. Trauma to the skull base is a relatively common occurrence in patients with traumatic brain injuries (TBI) and closed/open head injuries.…