Key points Mitral Valve Three-dimensional echocardiography (3DE) provides real-time, detailed, nonplanar images of the complex mitral valve (MV) apparatus, including the annulus, leaflets, chordae, and papillary muscles. Quantitative analysis of MV anatomy, function, and motion using 3DE is significantly more…
Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is the most common cause of mitral regurgitation (MR) in developed countries. It is also known as degenerative or myxomatous mitral valve (MV) disease and consists of a spectrum, with its mildest form known as fibroelastic…
Mitral valve (MV) disease may best be described by defining the cause of the disease, the specific lesions caused by the disease, and the dysfunction it creates in the MV apparatus. This “pathophysiologic triad,” first described by Carpentier and coworkers…
Mitral stenosis (MS) results from obstruction of blood flow from the left atrium into the left ventricle at either the valve or the subvalvular level ( Fig. 94.1 and Videos 94.1, Videos 94.2, Videos 94.3, Videos 94.4 ). Complications from…
The recent interest in left atrial (LA) function has enhanced our understanding of the atrial contributions to cardiovascular performance in both health and disease. The development of sophisticated, noninvasive indices of LA function has been critical to this resurgence. Although…
This chapter describes the main set of echocardiographic images that should be obtained for standardization and facilitation of image interpretation. Standard examination images are acquired from several transducer positions on the chest wall. Each window, angulation, and rotation of the…