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Objectives This chapter will: 1. Describe the conditions leading to fluid derangement in cardiorenal syndromes. 2. Propose a structured approach for the diagnosis and management of the cardiorenal patient with fluid overload. 3. Define five steps in the management of…

1 What is a hypertensive crisis? Hypertensive crises have historically been classified as hypertensive emergency or hypertensive urgency, although the latter term is potentially misleading. When evaluating patients with severe elevations in blood pressure, the primary consideration in determining the…