Carcinoid tumors are rare neuroendocrine tumors that secrete vasoactive compounds, including serotonin. The estimated incidence of carcinoid tumors is reported between 1.0 and 8.4 per 100,000. Carcinoid tumors are classified based on their embryologic site of origin: foregut (bronchus, stomach,…
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Acknowledgment The authors acknowledge the contributions of Dr. Laila A. Payvandi, who was the author of this chapter in the previous edition. The diagnosis and management of patients with infective endocarditis (IE) can be a challenging. Because of the wide…
Myocardial infarction (MI) is characterized by acute ischemia caused by occlusion of an epicardial coronary artery causing irreversible cardiomyocyte death and subsequent cell necrosis, which results in a localized inflammatory response with recruitment and migration of macrophages, monocytes, neutrophils, and…