Definition Spinal shock occurs following an acute spinal cord injury and involves a reversible loss of all neurological function, including reflexes and rectal tone, below a particular level. It is defined as a state of transient physiologic (rather than anatomic)…
Definition Autonomic disturbances are disorders that affect the autonomic neurons of either or both the sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous systems. Since the autonomic nervous system supplies almost every organ in the body, autonomic diseases influence localized organ function as…
Definition Normal perfusion pressure breakthrough (NPPB) can be defined as the occurrence of multifocal areas of hemorrhage associated with unexplained cerebral edema after the resection of high-flow arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). Various theories have been proposed to explain the hemodynamic basis…
Definition Hydrocephalus (derived from Greek words hydros meaning water and cephalus meaning head) is defined as the excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the ventricular system and cisterns of the brain, leading to an increase in intracranial pressure (ICP)…
Definition Emergence from general anesthesia is defined as the return of neuromuscular conduction, airway protective reflexes, and appropriate level of consciousness following discontinuation of anesthetic agents at the end of the surgery or intervention. Failure to regain the expected level…