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Introduction Minimally invasive spine surgery has gained much popularity in recent years owing to the reductions in patient morbidity, length of hospital stay, and costs. Although these short-term outcomes have seen marked improvements, there has been little improvement in the…

Key points Intimate relationships between osseous, nervous, vascular, and soft tissue structures of the spine are critical to normal function. A thorough understanding of these relationships is essential to the comprehension of spinal pathology and its surgical management as well…