Anatomy The breast lies between the subdermal layer of adipose tissue and the superficial pectoral fascia ( Fig. 35.1 ). The breast parenchyma is composed of lobes that comprise multiple lobules. Multiple fibrous bands termed the suspensory ligaments of Cooper…
Psychosocial Aspects of Breast Cancer As early detection and treatment of breast cancer have improved, survival rates have increased to the extent that 89% of individuals with breast cancer now survive 5 years beyond diagnosis, and 83% of individuals survive…
Lymphedema is the most dreaded complication of breast cancer surgery. It may result in functional, esthetic, and psychological problems, thereby affecting the quality of life of the breast cancer patient. It also predisposes patients to development of infections, decreased functional…
Surgery for breast cancer remains the primary form of treatment, yet postoperative rates of acute and chronic pain remain high, resulting in functional impairment, poor quality of life, and need for therapeutic interventions. Nearly 40% of patients undergoing breast cancer…
Introduction Breast cancer–related lymphedema (BCRL) is the most common etiology of lymphedema in the United States. One out of five women who survive breast cancer will develop lymphedema. Seventy-five percent of patients present within 3 years of their treatment, with…
Breast conservation therapy (BCT) is the complete removal of breast cancer with a margin of normal tissue surrounding the tumor. Standard treatment is to be followed by radiation therapy (RT). The primary goals of BCT are to provide a survival…
Development of the Radical Mastectomy—Historical Aspects The Halsted radical mastectomy, published by William Stewart Halsted in his 1894 seminal report “The result of operations for the cure of cancer of the breast,” transformed that era of breast cancer treatment. The…
Introduction An estimated 281,550 women were diagnosed with invasive breast cancer and 49,290 women were diagnosed with in situ cancer in 2021 in the United States. One in eight women are expected to be diagnosed with breast cancer as compared…
Introduction Over the past several decades, the widespread adoption of mammographic screening has had a significant impact on the incidence, diagnosis, classification, and treatment of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). There has been a vast increase in the publications with…
The aberrations of normal development and involution (ANDI) classification of benign breast disorder (BBD) provides an overall framework for benign conditions of the breast that encompasses both pathogenesis and the degree of abnormality. It is a bidirectional framework based on…