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Introduction Owing to the unique anatomy and range-of-motion (ROM) demands of the shoulder, coordination of several static and dynamic stabilizers is necessary to maintain shoulder stability. This coordination can be disrupted, most commonly secondary to acute traumatic dislocation or atraumatic…
Introduction Focal chondral defects ( FCDs ) constitute a common finding, with a reported incidence of 4.2% and 6.2% in the general population in patients younger than 40, resulting in more than 200,000 surgical procedures per year ( Fig. 22.1…