Introduction The systematic study of spinal systems and their transmitter biology has shown them to play a defining role in the encoding of afferent input and the tuning of autonomic and somatomotor outflow. Studies on the pharmacology of these spinal…
SUMMARY The activity evoked in primary afferent fibers by high-intensity stimuli or tissue injury leads to a pattern of evoked spinal activity and then spinifugal outflow, which in turn activates supraspinal linkages. This review considers the multiple transmitter systems in…
Origins of the Pain Phenotype For heuristic purposes, we can distinguish the three mechanistically distinct sources of a pain state: (1) high intensity stimulation, (2) local tissue injury and products released secondary to injury and inflammation, and (3) injury to…