Introduction In paediatric surgery, the most important conditions presenting as emergencies are caused by congenital problems presenting in the neonatal period. In contrast to this, nonacute conditions present across the whole age range of childhood. This chapter deals with abdominal…
Introduction A neonate is a newborn less than 28 days old, an infant is less than a year, a child is 1 to 17 years old and an adult is 18 years or older. In the United Kingdom, paediatric clinical…
Introduction Patients with thyroid disorders most often present to the surgeon with a neck lump , which may be asymptomatic or it may cause symptoms or cosmetic deformity. A thyroid enlargement is generically known as a goitre , from the…
Disorders of the Oral Cavity (Excluding Salivary Calculi) The mouth should be examined in a systematic way after removal of dentures, taking note of the condition of the teeth and oral soft tissues. Teeth are straightforward to identify: they are…
Introduction Neck lumps are common and may be related to disorders of the mouth, throat or skin. Infection in the cervical region can cause difficulty swallowing (dysphagia) and put the airway at risk. Referrals are often made to exclude malignancy,…
Introduction Only a few skin disorders are surgically important, including unsightly lesions, lumps and potentially malignant lesions. These are often referred to surgeons for excision or for definitive management following biopsy. Lower limb ulcers in the West are usually venous,…
Introduction to Breast Disease Virtually every woman with a breast lump, breast pain or discharge from the nipple fears she has cancer. The anxiety results from the unknown course of the disease, the threat of mutilation and the fear of…
Introduction and Cardiopulmonary Bypass Surgery of the heart has long fascinated surgeons, but only a very limited range of cardiac procedures was possible until cardiopulmonary bypass was first successfully used in 1953. For the first time, the systemic circulation could…
Venous Thrombosis and the Post-thrombotic Limb Anatomy of the Lower Limb Venous System Blood is drained from the lower limb via two separate systems. The deep venous system drains the deep tissues of the foot and muscles of the lower…
Aneurysms ( Table 42.1 ) Pathology of Aneurysms An aneurysm is defined as a localised area of pathological arterial dilatation. For the abdominal aorta, an anteroposterior diameter of ≥3 cm is generally accepted as defining an aneurysm. In some patients…