Abstract Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) causes primary varicella, a common childhood illness called chickenpox. This virus establishes latency and may reactivate later in life, causing herpes zoster, which is commonly called shingles or simply zoster. Although both chickenpox and zoster usually…
Abstract Influenza is a viral infection characterized by abrupt onset of fever, chills, myalgias, and respiratory symptoms such as cough, sore throat, and rhinitis. Influenza viruses, types A and B, cause annual epidemics worldwide leading to a substantial morbidity and…
Abstract Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) was a leading cause of bacterial sepsis and meningitis in children before the widespread availability of conjugate vaccines. Globally, the burden and incidence of Hib disease has dramatically declined with increases in vaccine uptake.…
Abstract Despite the availability of vaccines against pertussis in most developed and developing countries, pertussis remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide due to immunity following vaccination and clinical disease waning with time. Routine use of pertussis vaccines…