The hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) is caused by multiple closely related hantaviruses that have been identified from the western United States, with sporadic cases reported from the eastern United States ( Fig. 299.1 ) and Canada and important foci of…
Viral hemorrhagic fevers are a loosely defined group of clinical syndromes in which hemorrhagic manifestations are either common or especially notable in severe illness. Both the etiologic agents and clinical features of the syndromes differ, but coagulopathy may be a…
Yellow fever is an acute infection characterized in its most severe form by fever, jaundice, proteinuria, and hemorrhage. The virus is mosquito-borne and occurs in epidemic or endemic form in South America and Africa. Seasonal epidemics occurred in cities located…
Dengue fever is a benign syndrome caused by several arthropod-borne viruses and is characterized by biphasic fever, myalgia or arthralgia, rash, leukopenia, and lymphadenopathy. Dengue hemorrhagic fever (Philippine, Thai, or Singapore hemorrhagic fever; hemorrhagic dengue; acute infectious thrombocytopenic purpura) is…
The arthropod-borne viral infections are a group of mosquito- or tick-transmitted pathogens of several taxa manifested clinically mostly as neurologic infections, influenza-like illnesses, or acute viral exanthems. In temperate countries, arboviruses are transmitted during warmer weather; however, in tropical and…
INTRODUCTION Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), a mosquito-borne flavivirus, is the leading recognized cause of childhood encephalitis in Asia. Although safe and effective vaccines are available, several thousand cases of Japanese encephalitis (JE) are reported annually. Because JE is not under…
INTRODUCTION History of Disease Early in the 20th century, investigators studying dengue fever outbreaks successfully transmitted infection from person to person through the bite of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. The epidemiology and clinical descriptions of this disease made it possible to…