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The management of neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome (nTOS) requires a comprehensive, multidisciplinary approach, including a prominent role for surgical treatment in well-selected patients. Establishing the diagnosis can be challenging, and disappointing results of treatment have led some authorities to question…
Diagnostic Tools Duplex Ultrasound Duplex ultrasound (DU) refers to two modes of ultrasound, namely B mode that obtains gray-scale imaging, and Doppler that evaluates the velocity and direction of blood flow in the vessel. DU determines the degree of carotid…