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Introduction For 100 years, starting in the 1870s, mastectomy reigned as the only treatment for breast cancer. Then, during the 1970s and 1980s, prospective randomized trials showed survival equivalence for breast conservation compared with mastectomy for patients with tumors <5…
Introduction The surgical management of breast cancer has seen a paradigm shift from radical ablation to maximum conservation. The Halstedian radical mastectomy of the late 1800s gradually evolved by 1975 to spare muscle, lymph nodes, skin, and ultimately manifested in…