Common Clinical Problems From Cardiovascular Disease Pathological basis of cardiovascular signs and symptoms Sign or symptom Pathological basis Angina Myocardial ischaemia — due to spasm, atheroma or thrombosis of coronary arteries Abnormal blood pressure Hypertension Mostly ‘essential’ (primary, idiopathic) due…
Introduction Microorganisms (or microbes) are organisms which can only be individually seen by microscopy. Many do not cause disease in humans and act as normal colonizers of human hosts. Complex interactions between pathogens, which are capable of causing diseases, the…
Introduction The initial dissection and preparation of any specimen for histological/microscopic analysis involves more than simply the transcribed macroscopic description and sampling of the specimen. Whilst the dissection and laboratory area are often perceived as the two key elements of…
Acknowledgment We would like to thank all the previous contributors to this chapter for their scientific input and Dr Catherine Cannet for her review of the chapter for this edition and her updates. Introduction This chapter discusses the basics of…