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Tag Ryan D. Laterza MD
Electrocardiogram
1 Describe the electrical conduction system of the heart. The electrical conduction system of the heart is a network of specialized myocardial cells that generate, regulate, and propagate a series of electrical impulses. These impulses are generated by subtle changes…
Mechanical ventilation strategies
1 Why might a patient require intubation and mechanical ventilation? There are three main indications: 1) Hypoxic respiratory failure 2) Hypercarbic respiratory failure 3) Airway protection These three indications may be caused by primary respiratory pathology (e.g., pneumonia, chronic obstructive…
The anesthesia machine
1 What is an anesthesia machine? A more modern and correct name for an anesthesia machine is anesthesia delivery system . The job of the first anesthesia machines was to supply a mixture of anesthetizing and life-sustaining gases to the…
Volume assessment
1 Why do we administer fluids? What is the most important reason perioperatively? Although there are many reasons to administer fluids to patients (correct electrolyte imbalances, administer drugs, nutrients, antibiotics, etc.), the ultimate goal of perioperative fluid administration is to…
Central venous catheterization
1 Define central venous catheterization. A central venous catheter (CVC) or central line is a catheter that is placed into a large vein such that the catheter’s distal orifice is within a central vein. The target central vein for CVCs…
Blood pressure monitoring and arterial catheterization
1 What methods are available to measure blood pressure? Blood pressure (BP) measurements can be divided into direct and indirect methods. Indirect methods include using a cuff or palpation of a pulse, whereas direct methods use an arterial catheter. The…
Vasoactive agents
1 What are the benefits of vasoactive agents? All major components governing the physiology of cardiac output, such as preload, afterload, inotropy, and chronotropy can be modulated by vasoactive agents. An underlying concept is the Frank-Starling principle, which states that…
Perioperative patient safety
Allergic Reactions 1 Review the four types of hypersensitivity reactions and their mechanisms See Table 12.1 . Table 12.1 Hypersensitivity Classification Type of Reaction Name Mechanism Examples Type I Allergic reaction Previous exposure to an antigen produces IgE immunoglobulins which…
Transfusion therapy
1 What is the overarching indication for blood transfusion? The overarching indication for transfusing packed red blood cells (RBCs) is to improve oxygen delivery ( D˙O2 D ˙ O 2 ). One of the primary roles of RBCs is to…