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Introduction The aortic arch, the arterial duct, and the right and left pulmonary arteries have a close spatial relationship with the major airways and the esophagus. Due to this close proximity, abnormalities in the size, position, and/or pattern of branching…
Surgical Approaches to the Heart A variety of incisions are used in cardiac surgery. The majority of pediatric cardiac surgeries are performed through two incisions: the median sternotomy and the posterolateral thoracotomy. Other incisions are occasionally used to accommodate atypical…