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1 Introduction Hyponatremia is the most common electrolyte abnormality in hospitalized patients occurring in as many as 15%–30% of patients. It can present acutely or chronically. The treatment of hyponatremia has been reviewed elsewhere extensively but includes simple strategies such…
Renal failure is a common complication of patients with advanced cirrhosis. The most common causes of renal failure in cirrhosis are those related to bacterial infections (with or without septic shock) and hepatorenal syndrome. Other causes include renal failure due…