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Direct cholangiography: Approaches, techniques, and current role
Direct cholangiography overview Direct cholangiography, the introduction of contrast medium into the biliary system, can be performed under fluoroscopic guidance percutaneously, endoscopically, or intraoperatively via surgically placed catheters. The nonoperative techniques are percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC) and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography…