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Open full size image Key Abbreviations Abdominal diameter-biparietal diameter difference AD-BPD Defining Shoulder Dystocia In a normal delivery, after expulsion of the fetal head, external rotation occurs, returning the head to a right angle position in relation to the shoulder…
Key Points Fetal lie refers to the orientation of the fetal spine relative to that of the mother. Normal fetal lie is longitudinal and by itself does not connote whether the presentation is cephalic or breech. Fetal malpresentation requires timely…