1 What is the arterial and venous anatomy of the adrenal gland? There are two adrenal glands, each located in the retroperitoneum superior to the kidneys. The blood supply consists of three arteries: The superior adrenal artery that is a…
1 What are the surgically correctable causes of hypertension? Renovascular hypertension, pheochromocytoma, Cushing’s syndrome, primary hyperaldosteronism (Conn’s syndrome), coarctation of the aorta, and unilateral renal parenchymal disease. Surgical hypertension accounts for 5%–10% of all hypertensive patients. 2 Which form of…
1 What is the prevalence of thyroid nodules and cancer? The prevalence of thyroid nodules increases throughout life and is dependent on the method of detection—by palpation 5%, by ultrasound (US) 35%, and by autopsy 50%. Thyroid nodules are four…
1 How common is hyperthyroidism? Of the 1.2% prevalence of hyperthyroidism in the United States, 0.5% is overt, while 0.7% is subclinical. The incidence of overt disease is approximately 0.4 per 1000 women, and 0.1 per 1000 men, but varies…
1 How common is hyperparathyroidism (HPT)? The prevalence of hyperparathyroidism is 1:1000. There are approximately 100,000 new cases of HPT annually in the United States. Seventy-four percent of all cases are in women, and the risk increases with age. Primary…