Alterations of water, osmolal, and electrolyte content and distribution as well as acid-base disturbances are common in the perioperative period and rarely happen in isolation because they are inherently interrelated. They both affect and are affected by the function and…
Alterations of water, osmolal, and electrolyte content and distribution as well as acid-base disturbances are common in the perioperative period and rarely happen in isolation because they are inherently interrelated. They both affect and are affected by the function and…
Risk There are on the order of 100,000 aortic valve surgeries each year, with approximately 18,000 of them performed annually in the USA. Of aortic valves, 20% to 30% have isolated regurgitation at time of replacement. At time of replacement,…