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Introduction What is Rotational Malalignment? The geometry of bones is normally viewed in the three cardinal planes: frontal (coronal), sagittal, and transverse (horizontal, Fig. 36-1 ). The mechanical axis of the lower extremity from the femoral head center to the…
Intrinsic and Extrinsic Limb Factors It is the author’s opinion that patellofemoral (PF) symptoms should be considered as those that arise from the joint itself and are considered intrinsic factors and those that are caused by forces external to the…