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Introduction Invasive hemodynamic assessment is a critical part of structural intervention. Imaging and hemodynamics are complementary, and both need to be mastered for effectiveness in structural heart disease (SHD) interventions. Indications for diagnostic invasive assessment include: 1. The diagnosis remains…

Additional content is available online at Elsevier eBooks for Practicing Clinicians Causes and Pathology Aortic regurgitation (AR) can result from primary disease of the aortic valve leaflets and/or dilation of the aortic root and ascending aorta ( Table 73.1 ).…