Introduction Endoscopic endonasal approaches (EEAs) provide direct access to pathologies near the median and paramedian ventral skull base. A major principle of endoscopic endonasal surgery is the use of anatomical corridors to safely access skull base lesions with low associated…
Introduction A cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak defines a fistula between the subarachnoid space and the sinonasal tract. Patients with CSF leaks present with symptoms such as clear nasal discharge and headache or complications such as pneumocephalus, meningitis, or brain abscess.…
Introduction Basic functions of the larynx include being the conduit for air, protecting the airway from aspiration, phonating, coughing, fixing the chest for straining activities, maintaining positive end-expiratory pressure, and swallowing. All these functions can be impaired in patients with…